(1)英语被动句译为汉语被动句。英语中有一些用被动形式表达的句子，在翻译成汉语时可以将其被动语态的意义直接用汉语被动句的形式表达，在很多情况下需要用以下几个表示被动的标志词引导：被……，给……，遭到……，受到……，为……所……，所……，把……，使……，由……，是……的，得以……，加以……，予以等。

例如：

    2002年第63题：

    The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.

这个句子中出现两处被动语态，一个是第一个分句中的谓语部分was formulated，另一个是第二个分句中谓语后面的不定式中的to be recognized and studied。我们可以将这个句子译成：

自然选择在进化中的作用仅仅在一百多年前才得以阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究。

2001年第72题：

    Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.

此句中第二个分句中出现了被动语态will be regarded as workmates，我们可以直接译为汉语中的被动表达形式：

儿童将与装有个性化芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍，具有内置个性的计算机会被看做工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在会散发出气味的电视机前休闲娱乐，届时数字化时代就来临了。

1995年第72题：

    How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability and appropriateness of the information used and on the skills and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

本句是一个主从复合句，主句的谓语部分是被动语态will be validated，宾语中wisdom with which it is interpreted也包含一个被动语态的表达法。因此，我们可以将本句译为：

这些预测在多大程度上能被后来的表现所证实，要取决于被采用的信息的数量、可靠性和适宜性以及用以诠释这些信息所需要的技能和才智。

1995年第74题：

    In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.

对句子分析后，我们就会发现，此句中包含四个被动语态，to be measured，can be most precisely defined，to be measured or predicted，can not be well defined我们可以将此句按照被动的形式译作：

一般而言，当被测定的特征能够被很准确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当被测定或被预测的东西不能被明确界定时，测试的效果最差。

 (2)英语被动句译为汉语主动句。因为汉语中主动句占很大的比例，所以一般情况下，变英语被动语态为汉语主动语态，有时可以把动作的实施者译出来。

例如：

    2002年第62题：

    The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find.

本句是一个简单复合句。句子中第一个原因状语从句里的seem to be directly observed这个被动语态在翻译时就可以处理成汉语里的主动语态。因此，此句可以译为：

行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是其他的解释方式一直难以找到。

2002年第64题：

    They are the possessions of the autonomous(self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements.

这个句子中第二个分句中定语从句里面有两处被动语态：is held responsible for 和 given credit，我们在英译汉时可以用主动语态和被动语态来处理，因此，本句可以译为：

自由和尊严(它们)是传统理论定义的自主人所拥有的，是要求一个人对自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

2000年第73题：

    Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.

这个复合句中出现两处被动语态are being exposed to和are often forced to，而我们在翻译时都可以用主动句子来表达如下：

大众通讯的显著发展使各地的人们不断感到有新的需求，不断接触到新的习俗和思想。由于上述原因，政府常常得推出更多的革新。

1998年第72题：

    The existence of the giant clouds were virtually required for the Big Bang first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

句中的谓语部分were virtually required 是被动语态，但在进行英译汉时可以处理为主动句子，译为：

为了保持20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论对宇宙权威解释的主导地位，对大爆炸论来说巨大宇宙云的存在确实是必要的。

或：巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是20世纪20年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其对宇宙权威解释的主导地位所不可或缺的。

1997年第73题：   

    It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

此句中的英语被动语态should be treated可以译为下面的汉语主动句子：

    这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像对待人类自身一样关切体贴，要么完全冷漠无情。

1992年第74题：

    The first two must be equal for all who are being compared if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made.

这个简单复合句中出现两处被动语态：are being compared和is to be made，在翻译时，我们可以将前者译成被动语态，而后者则可以译成主动语态。本句可以译为：

如果要在智力方面进行任何比较的话，那么对所有被比较的人来说，两个因素必须是相同的。

1992年第75题：

    On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.

这个句子中，包括省略部分在内，共出现了六处被动语态：can be drawn、but (can) only (be drawn)、can be assumed、is being compared、and (can) only (be drawn)、was not punished。在这六个被动语态中，只有最后一个被翻译成了被动语态，其他五个都按照汉语的表达习惯译成了主动语态。参考的译文如下：

总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比较的其他孩子的态度相同；他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子已经掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

再如：

    1990年第66题：

    Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.

这个句子中的被动语态is raised就可以用汉语的主动句子来翻译如下：

    行为主义者认为：孩子在有多种刺激物的环境里成长，而这些刺激物能发展其做出适当反应的能力，那么这个孩子就将会有更高的智力发展。

 (3)英语中几种被动语态句型的汉译法。在英语中有一些句型不明确主语即动作的施动者，另一些句型常用在新闻报道、科普文章及说明文、议论文中表示推测、表达意见想法或总结归纳，这些英语被动语态的句型常以it作为形式主语，在译成汉语时常用以下几种译法：

如：

    (1)It is hoped that...                                                 希望……

         It is said that...                                                                             据说……

It is reported that...                                                                        据报道……

It is supposed that...                                                                       据推测……

It is suggested (implied) that...                                                               据暗示……

    (2)It must be admitted that                                                        必须承认

It must be pointed out that                                     必须指出

It can be seen from this that                                    由此可见

It may be said without fear of exaggeration that                    可以毫不夸张地说

       (3)It is well known that/ As is known to all                          众所周知

It is generally thought that                                     大家/人们普遍认为

It is asserted that                                             有人/人们主张

It is believed that                                             有人/人们相信

It will be said that                                                 有人/人们会说

It was told that                                                有人/人们曾说过

It is expected (estimated) that                                    有人/人们预测、预计

    例如：

1993年第74题：

    And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.

此句是一个由it做形式主语、由that引导的两个主语从句是真正的主语的主从复合句。句中出现三处被动语态：it is imagined by many、can be by no means compared、have to be acquired，而我们可以把本句译成：

许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，他们认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。

再如：

    As is known to all, productive thought requires not just the rules of logic but a wealth of experience and background information, plus the ability to generalize and interpret new experiences using that information.

众所周知，富有成效的思想不仅要求有逻辑规律，还要求有丰富的经验和背景知识，并能利用这些知识来概括、解释新的经验的能力。

从下面的例句中我们可以看到几种英语被动句的不同的汉语译法。

Three-fourth of the earth is covered with water. But only about three percent of this water is fresh. All the rest is salt water and fills the oceans. Now fresh water is becoming scarce, but it is estimated that more and more will be needed because of the increasing world population.

       地球的四分之三面积被水覆盖，但其中大约只有百分之三是淡水，其余都是咸水，遍布各大洋。现在淡水越来越不足，而由于世界人口日益增长，据估计淡水的需要量会越来越大。

定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。两者除了在意义上有区别以外，在形式上也有所不同。限制性定语从句由who、whom、whose、which或that引导，不需要用逗号与先行词分开；非限制性定语从句不能用that引导，只能由who、whose、whom、which引导，而且通常要用逗号与先行词分开。

如果先行词是不定代词如all, everything, little, anything, nothing, much, few 等时，其后的定语从句通常是限制性定语从句；当先行词被all, every, any, only, no, such, very, last, same 等词语修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是限制性定语从句；当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常也是限制性定语从句；关系代词在从句中做宾语而被省略的均是限制性定语从句；在带有定语从句的复合句是一般疑问句或特殊疑问句时，其从句通常也是限制性定语从句。

在历年研究生英语入学考试的英译汉测试中，两种定语从句的考查频率都很高。尤其是限制性定语从句几乎每年都考。

例如：

    2004年的5道题中有3道题里都涉及到了定语从句的考查，包括：

61. The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

此句中出现了由which引导的非限定性定语从句，用来修饰前面的这个句子内容。

     62. We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

    此句中关系代词who引导的即是一个限定性定语从句，用来修饰其先行词peoples。

    65. Whorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which, in its strongest form, states that language imprisons the mind, and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a society.

    此句中又一次出现了由关系代词which引导的定语从句，不过与61题中的which所引导的定语从句不同的是，本句中所引导的是限定性定语从句，修饰其先行词determinism。

    而2003年的5道试题中更是有4道题里出现了对英语中定语从句的测试和考查，例如：

    61. Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

    此句中包含了一个由in which 引导的限定性定语从句，修饰其先行词environment。

62. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.

    此句中出现了两个限定性定语从句，其一是由关系代词which引导的、修饰先行词that branch of intellectual enquiry的定语从句，其二是由that引导的、修饰先行词manner的定语从句。

    64. Tylor defined culture as“…that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”

    此句中的定语从句是由关系代词which引导的，修饰其先行词that complex whole的限定性定语从句。

    65. Thus, the anthropological concept of“culture,” like the concept of“set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.

    此句的定语从句也是由关系代词which引导的，其先行词是an abstract concept，这个定语从句是一个限定性的定语从句。

    其他历年对定语从句的考查例句还有很多，不胜枚举，在这里我们不再一一列出。

我们在翻译非限制性定语从句时通常采用分译法，即将主句和定语从句分成两个汉语句子来表达。

在将限定性定语从句分成两个部分，分别翻译主句和定语从句的内容时，关系代词或关系副词的翻译方法可以采用两种形式：

    其一，明确化翻译。即将关系代词或关系副词明确地翻译为其先行词的内容；

    其二，模糊化、代词化翻译。即将关系代词或关系副词模糊地翻译为汉语中对应或不对应的代词。例如，以下几种类型的汉语表达法：which、that通常译为“这，这点，它，那，那点”；who通常译为“他，她，它，他们，她们，它们”，具体译为单数还是复数，主要由定语从句中的谓语动词的单复数来确定；when通常译为“当时，那时”等等。

    例如：

    2004年第61题：

    The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse languages could be.

    此句中出现了由which引导的非限定性定语从句，而它所修饰的先行词是其前面整个句子内容，因此，我们可以采用分译法，而which也可以模糊化地译为“这个想法，这种观点”等等，即本句可以译为：

    希腊人认为，语言结构与思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这种观点在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎了根。

    例如：

    1997年第71题：

    Actually, it isn’t, because it assumes that there is an agreed account of human rights, which is something the world does not have.

此句中which引导的是一个非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的an agreed account of human rights部分，翻译时我们可以采用分译法，用重复先行词或“这、这种”等代词来另外写出一个汉语句子。因此，本句可以译成：

实际情况不是这样的(事实并非如此)，因为这种问法是以人们对人权有一种共识为假设的，而这种共识是世界上并不存在的东西。

再如：

    1996年第72题：

    The trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

这是一个简单复合句。结构是This trend began during..., when...。when是关系副词，引导一个非限定性定语从句，修饰the Second World War。在从句中，主句是several governments came to the conclusion，后面的that引导的名词从句是conclusion的同位语，在同位语从句中demands为中心词，that后面的a government wants to make是用以修饰demands的限定性定语从句，介词短语of its scientific establishment也是修饰demands的定语，demands的谓语部分是cannot generally be foreseen in detail。弄清楚了句子结构，我们就可以比较准确通顺地将此句中修饰the Second World War的非限定性定语从句采用后置分译法来译，而用以修饰demands的限定性定语从句采用前置合译法来译，本句可译为：

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家政府得出这样的结论：政府要向其科研机构提出具体的要求通常是无法具体地预见到的。

本句中有两个不同类别的定语从句，大家可以从中学到定语从句的两种译法：非限定性定语从句的后置分译法和限定性定语从句的前置合译法。

又如：

    1991年第73题：

    The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.

这是一个简单复合句。句子框架是The food supply will not increase..., which...。在主句中to match this，this指上句中的世界人口增长趋势，which是关系代词，引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面整个句子；在定语从句中，that到句末是一个名词从句，做means的宾语。句中in the matter of是“在……方面”的意思。本句利用非限制性定语从句后置分译法应译成：

食品供应的增加将跟不上人口的增长，这就意味着，我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。

而在翻译限制性定语从句时，则可以选用后置分译法、前置合译法、综合法等等。下面是针对这种定语从句翻译时的几点注意事项：

 (1)如果定语从句的句子很短，可以将从句直接译在被修饰的先行词前，我们称之为前置合译法。

例如：

    2004年第62题：

    We are obliged to them because some of these languages have since vanished, as the peoples who spoke them died out or became assimilated and lost their native languages.

    此句中关系代词who引导的即是一个限定性定语从句，用来修饰其先行词peoples。因为其定语从句部分非常短，只有三个单词who spoke them，所以本句在翻译时可以采用前置合译法，译为“说这些语言的民族”，而无需照搬英语原文的语序和句子结构来生硬处理。即本句可以译为：

    我们要感谢他们，因为在此之后，这些语言中有些已经不复存在了，这是由于说这些语言的民族或是消亡了，或是被同化而丧失了自己的本族语言。

    2003年第61题：

    Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.

       这是一个简单复合句，其中in which引导的限制性定语从句，就可以采用前置合译法省略地将它译成汉语里面的一个名词“生存”来做定语修饰中心词“环境”